微波消毒技术在医疗废物集中处理工程中的应用

通过对微波消毒机理的研究,根据其节能、快速、污染小、消毒效果彻底等特点,提出了微波消毒技术适用于医疗废物集中处置工程,并且列举国际应用实例为证。通过对医疗废物微波处理技术标准、微波消毒适用范围、系统组成、安全与防护等方面对我国已颁布的《医疗废物微波消毒集中处理工程技术规范》(试行)(HJ/T229-2006)主要内容作了客观阐述,提出在我国目前《全国危险废物和医疗废物处置设施建设规划》实施的情况下,医疗废物微波消毒处理法将与其它几种非焚烧处置法,共同作为医疗废物焚烧法的合理补充技术在中国应用,将有效地推进中国医疗废物处理进程。     

边际社会成本理论在环评中应用的实例分析

论述了边际社会成本理论与环境经济评价的步骤和方法，以武夷山东旅高尔夫球场建设项目为例，估算了该项目的边际环境成本，较真实的评价了建设项目的经济、环境的可行性，并指出环境影响经济评价是我国环评制度发展的方向。     

硫磺尾气处理装置腐蚀与防护技术

阐述炼油厂硫磺尾气处理装置中常见的的腐蚀问题，介绍防腐蚀技术的进展和应用情况，对装置的防腐蚀提出参考性意见。采用正确的防腐结构设计和先进的工艺防腐控制、严格的工艺生产操作及合理的材料选择，可控制和减轻装置腐蚀，确保环保和安全双达标。     

光合细菌法处理酒糟废水的试验研究

酒糟废水是一种高浓度的有机废水,采用了光合细菌法模型试验进行研究。工艺流程分为3个阶段:可溶化前处理段、光合细菌主处理段、活性污泥后处理段。结果表明,氧气的存在在某种程度上抑制了可溶化菌的产酸速度,得出可溶化最佳时间为2d。经处理出水COD_(Cr)平均为102.5mg/L,接近排放标准。对光合细菌段中光合细菌数量检测表明,细菌数量可达4.5×10~7个/ml,充分显示了光合细菌的生长优势。该处理方法具有运行动力消耗少,降解效率高,且便于资源化等优点。     

Optimizing two- and three-stage designs for spatial inventories of natural resources by simulated annealing

This paper reviews design-based estimators for two- and three-stage sampling designs to estimate the mean of finite populations. This theory is then extended to spatial populations with continuous, infinite populations of sampling units at the latter stages. We then assume that the spatial pattern is the result of a spatial stochastic process, so the sampling variance of the estimators can be predicted from the variogram. A realistic cost function is then developed, based on several factors including laboratory analysis, time of fieldwork, and numbers of samples. Simulated annealing is used to find designs with minimum sampling variance for a fixed budget. The theory is illustrated with a real-world problem dealing with the volume of contaminated bed sediments in a network of watercourses. Primary sampling units are watercourses, secondary units are transects perpendicular to the axis of the watercourse, and tertiary units are points. Optimal designs had one point per transect, from one to three transects per watercourse, and the number of watercourses varied depending on the budget. However, if laboratory costs are reduced by grouping all samples within a watercourse into one composite sample, it appeared to be efficient to sample more transects within a watercourse.     

Performance Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants for Rural Water Supply in a Developing Country – A Case Study

Performance evaluation of two reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants (DSP) at villages: Melasirupodhu (30 m³ day^-1) and Sikkal (50 m³ day^-1) in Ramanathpuram district,Tamil Nadu (India) were studied so as to bring out the state-of-art of their operation and maintenance (O&M). Detailedinformation on plant design and engineering, water quality,plant personnel, and cost of O&M was collected for a period ofthree years after commissioning of the two plants. Feed waterwas brackish, the TDS varied in the range of 6500–8500 mg L^-1 at Melasirupodhu and 5300–7100 mg L^-1 atSikkal villages. The product water quality was observed to begradually deteriorating as the salt rejection by the membranesdecreased with time. The salt rejection was 97–99% atthe time of commissioning of the plants, and came down to89–90% at the end of 3 years of operation. Product water TDS soonafter installation of the plants was excellent and within desirable limits of BIS. After three years of operation, few parameters exceeded the desirable limits, however, they were found to be within permissible limits of BIS. The analyses of thedata showed that both plants were operated only at 30–36% of the design capacity. Plant shut-down due to inadequate and erratic power supply, and plant break-down and inherent delay in repairs due to lack of adequate infrastructure were found tobe the major causes for the low utilization of the plants. Consequently the recurring cost of product water production enhanced to Rs. 25.0/m³ at Melasirupodhu and Rs. 17.5 m^-3 at Sikkal, as against the estimated cost of Rs. 15.0/m³ and Rs. 11.0/m³, respectively, as per the design. Over the years, the energy consumption for the product water output increased reflecting higher operational pressures needed with the aging of the membranes.     

环境法中预防性民事责任形式的探讨

分析了传统民法中损害赔偿责任在环境法中的局限性、并对停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等预防性民事责任形式在环境法中的意义和作用,进行了探讨。同时,依据环境、经济、社会效益相统一的原则,论述了在确认预防性民事责任中,进行利益衡量的重要性。     

灾区医疗队生存和救治中的问题及对策

针对灾区医疗队生存和救治工作中存在的问题，提出了解决办法，包括吃、住、行及救治等方面。     

DISTRIBUTIONAL ISSUES IN WESTERN MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY1

ABSTRACT Financing and repayment provisions of western water projects effect transfers of income among federal taxpayers, electric power users, local water users, and property owners. We use the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project as a case study in the distribution of municipal and industrial water costs. We examine the distribution of costs among taxpayers and water users in different political/geographical jurisdictions, and how this distribution is affected by water law, cost allocation procedures, and the choice of revenue source for local repayment of reimbursable costs. In light of the magnitude of distributional effects of present water policy, we conclude that lack of open debate on water issues is unfortunate. We conclude with speculation on the relationship of western water policy to the motivation of western water leaders who are instrumental in its formulation     

ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN PROJECT,WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: Appraisal-level, engineering economic analyses for two types of irrigation systems are compared: (1) a surface-water irrigation system, and (2) a ground-water recharge irrigation system. An artificial recharge irrigation system is an economically viable alternative to surface-distributed irrigation in a conjunctive irrigation plan if electric power rates remain sufficiently low. As electric rates increase, this viability generally decreases until it becomes completely unattractive at rates of about 0.012 dollars per kilowatt hour.